This study aimed to evaluate the relation between the phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility patterns and the antibiotic resistance genes and to investigate the prevalence of macrolide, lincosamides, streptogramin, aminoglycoside and tetra cycline resistance genes among MRSA isolates. A total of 55 clinical MRSA isolates were included in this study, antibiotic resistance was conducted by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, broth microdilution assay and multiplex PCR technique. Our results showed that there was no discordance between conventional susceptibility testing and gene detection by multiplex PCR assay. The prevalence of erm(A), erm(C), tetK, tetM, aacA-aphD, vat(A), vat(B) and vat(C) gene among MRSA isolates was 30.9%, 74.5%, 76.4%, 16.4%, 74.5%, 1.8%, 0% and 5.5%, respectively. These MRSA strains belonged to SCCmec types II, III, IVa and V. Rapid and reliable method for antibiotic susceptibility is important to determine the appropriate therapy decision. Multiplex PCR can be used for confirmation of the results obtained by disk diffusion method or could be used as an alternative diagnostic method in the routine diagnosis for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of MRSA associated antibiotic resistance genes.
This study aimed to evaluate the relation between the phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility patterns and the antibiotic resistance genes and to investigate the prevalence of macrolide, lincosamides, streptogramin, aminoglycoside and tetra cycline resistance genes among MRSA isolates. A total of 55 clinical MRSA isolates were included in this study, antibiotic resistance was conducted by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, broth microdilution assay and multiplex PCR technique. Our results showed that there was no discordance between conventional susceptibility testing and gene detection by multiplex PCR assay. The prevalence of erm(A), erm(C), tetK, tetM, aacA-aphD, vat(A), vat(B) and vat(C) gene among MRSA isolates was 30.9%, 74.5%, 76.4%, 16.4%, 74.5%, 1.8%, 0% and 5.5%, respectively. These MRSA strains belonged to SCCmec types II, III, IVa and V. Rapid and reliable method for antibiotic susceptibility is important to determine the appropriate therapy decision. Multiplex PCR can be used for confirmation of the results obtained by disk diffusion method or could be used as an alternative diagnostic method in the routine diagnosis for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of MRSA associated antibiotic resistance genes.
Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates in three different Arab world countries (West Bank of Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq) was the aim of the study presented here. This is done on the basis of spa sequencing and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. The majority (92%) of the spa-tested isolates belonged to spa type t932 and possessed the (SCCmec) type III. These data suggest that MRSA clone, which harbors the spa type t932 and (SCCmec) type III, had been transferred throughout the three studied countries.
Objective To evaluate the antimicrobial
activity of ethanolic extract of Ecballium elaterium (E. elaterium)
fruits alone against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains
and Candida albicans (C. albicans) strains, or in combination
with penicillin against Staphylococcus areus strains.
Methods Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity or synergy interaction
was carried out using microdilution method.
Results The results showed that ethanolic extract of E. elaterium
fruits has antimicrobial activity against methicillin resistant S. aureus
(MRSA), methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and C. albicans.
This extract showed a significant decrease in minimum inhibitory concentrations
(MIC) of penicillin against both MRSA and MSSA strains. Fractional inhibitory
concentration index (FIC) between penicillin and ethanolic extract of E.
elaterium fruits against these test strains was less than 0.5.
Conclusions This study suggests that ethanolic extract of E.
elaterium fruits has antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and C.
albicans and there is a possibility of concurrent use of penicillin and E.
elaterium extract in combination in the treatment of infections caused by
MRSA and MSSA strains. A wider study is needed to identify the effective
components, the mode of action and the possible toxic effect in vivo of
these ingredients.
Background: Community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is a major global problem. This study attempted to investigate the prevalence of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains among 360 healthy university students at An-Najah National University, Palestine. For the purpose of comparing the staphylococcal cassette chromosome methicillin resistant determinant (SCCmec) type of MRSA, 46 clinical MRSA isolates were also included in this study.
Methods: Susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method. The genetic association of MRSA isolates was investigated by SCCmec typing. A selected number of isolates were also used to amplify and sequence mecA.
Results: Nasal carriage of S aureus was found in 86 of 360 students (24%). MRSA accounted for 9% of S aureus isolates. All 86 strains of S aureus were sensitive to vancomycin. Resistance to penicillin G, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and clindamycin was found in 98%, 93%, 33%, 23%, and 12% of the isolates, respectively. Resistance rates of the MRSA isolates were as follows: 100% resistant to penicillin G and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 96% to ethromycin, 52% to clindamycin, and 48% to ciprofloxacin. No vancomycin-resistant isolates were identified. In our study, nearly half (52%) of the MRSA isolates belonged to SCCmec types IVa and V. However, SCCmec types II and III are represented by 48%, whereas SCCmec type I was completely absent.ConclusionThe findings of this study indicate the existence of SCCmec type IVa in both student nasal carriers and health care settings. This emphasizes the need for implementation of a revised set of control measures in both settings. Moreover, the rational prescription of appropriate antibiotics should also be considered.
Background Community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is a major global
problem. This study attempted to investigate the prevalence of nasal carriage
of Staphylococcus aureus and
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
strains among 360 healthy university students at An-Najah National University,
Palestine. For the purpose of comparing the staphylococcal cassette chromosome
methicillin resistant determinant (SCCmec) type of MRSA, 46
clinical MRSA isolates were also included in this study.
Methods Susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method. The
genetic association of MRSA isolates was investigated by SCCmec typing. A selected number of isolates were also
used to amplify and sequence mecA. Results Nasal carriage
of S aureus was found in 86 of 360 students
(24%). MRSA accounted for 9% of S aureus isolates. All
86 strains of S aureus were sensitive to
vancomycin. Resistance to penicillin G, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid,
ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and clindamycin was found in 98%, 93%, 33%, 23%,
and 12% of the isolates, respectively. Resistance rates of the MRSA isolates
were as follows: 100% resistant to penicillin G and amoxicillin/clavulanic
acid, 96% to ethromycin, 52% to clindamycin, and 48% to ciprofloxacin. No
vancomycin-resistant isolates were identified. In our study, nearly half (52%)
of the MRSA isolates belonged to SCCmec types IVa and V. However,
SCCmec types II and III are
represented by 48%, whereas SCCmec type I was completely
absent.
Conclusion The findings of this study indicate the existence of SCCmec type IVa in both student nasal carriers and health
care settings. This emphasizes the need for implementation of a revised set of
control measures in both settings. Moreover, the rational prescription of
appropriate antibiotics should also be considered.
Background: Community acquired methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is a major global problem. This study attempted
to investigate the prevalence of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains among 360 healthy
university students at An-Najah National University, Palestine. For the purpose
of comparing the staphylococcal cassette chromosome methicillin resistant
determinant (SCCmec) type of MRSA, 46 clinical MRSA isolates were also included
in this study.
Methods: Susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method. The
genetic association of MRSA isolates was investigated by SCCmec typing. A
selected number of isolates were also used to amplify and sequence mecA. Results Nasal carriage of S aureus was found in 86 of
360 students (24%). MRSA accounted for 9% of S aureus isolates. All 86 strains
of S aureus were sensitive to vancomycin. Resistance to penicillin G,
amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and clindamycin was
found in 98%, 93%, 33%, 23%, and 12% of the isolates, respectively. Resistance
rates of the MRSA isolates were as follows: 100% resistant to penicillin G and
amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 96% to ethromycin, 52% to clindamycin, and 48% to
ciprofloxacin. No vancomycin-resistant isolates were identified. In our study,
nearly half (52%) of the MRSA isolates belonged to SCCmec types IVa and V.
However, SCCmec types II and III are represented by 48%, whereas SCCmec type I
was completely absent.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate the existence of SCCmec type
IVa in both student nasal carriers and health care settings. This emphasizes
the need for implementation of a revised set of control measures in both
settings. Moreover, the rational prescription of appropriate antibiotics should
also be considered.
Objective To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Ecballium elaterium (E. elaterium) fruits alone against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains and Candida albicans (C. albicans) strains, or in combination with penicillin against Staphylococcus areus strains. Methods Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity or synergy interaction was carried out using microdilution method.
Results The results showed that ethanolic extract of E. elaterium fruits has antimicrobial activity against methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and C. albicans. This extract showed a significant decrease in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of penicillin against both MRSA and MSSA strains. Fractional inhibitory concentration index (FIC) between penicillin and ethanolic extract of E. elaterium fruits against these test strains was less than 0.5.
Conclusions This study suggests that ethanolic extract of E. elaterium fruits has antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and C. albicans and there is a possibility of concurrent use of penicillin and E. elaterium extract in combination in the treatment of infections caused by MRSA and MSSA strains. A wider study is needed to identify the effective components, the mode of action and the possible toxic effect in vivo of these ingredients.