Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from urinary
tract infections (UTIs) is increasing worldwide. A total of 41 E. coli
isolates were obtained from urine samples from hospitalized patients with a UTI
in three hospitals in the northern districts of the West Bank, Palestine during
March and June 2011. Resistance rates were: erythromycin (95 %),
trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (59 %), ciprofloxacin (56 %), gentamicin (27 %),
imipenem (22 %), amoxicillin (93 %), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (32 %),
ceftazidime (66 %) and cefotaxime (71 %). No meropenem-resistant isolates were
identified in this study. Among the isolates, phylogenetic group B2 was
observed in 13 isolates, D in 12 isolates, A in 11 isolates and B1 in five
isolates. Thirty-five of the isolates were positive for an extended-spectrum
β-lactamase phenotype. Among these isolates, the blaCTX-M
gene was detected in 25, and eight harboured the blaTEM gene.
None of the isolates contained the blaSHV gene.
Transformation experiments indicated that some of the β-lactamase genes (i.e. blaCTX-M
and blaTEM) with co-resistance to erythromycin and gentamicin
were plasmid encoded and transmissible. Apart from this, enterobacterial
repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) revealed that the 41 isolates
were genetically diverse and comprised a heterogeneous population with 11
ERIC-PCR profiles at a 60 % similarity level.
The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for three blaCTX-M gene sequences and one blaTEM gene sequence of Escherichia coli are KF696718, KF696719, KF696720 and KF696717, respectively.
Abbreviations:
ERIC
enterobacterial
repetitive intergenic consensus
ESBL
extended-spectrum
β-lactamase
UPGMA
unweighted
pair group method for arithmetic averages
UTI
urinary
tract infection
Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections (UTIs) is increasing worldwide. A total of 41 E. coli isolates were obtained from urine samples from hospitalized patients with a UTI in three hospitals in the northern districts of the West Bank, Palestine during March and June 2011. Resistance rates were: erythromycin (95 %), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (59 %), ciprofloxacin (56 %), gentamicin (27 %), imipenem (22 %), amoxicillin (93 %), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (32 %), ceftazidime (66 %) and cefotaxime (71 %). No meropenem-resistant isolates were identified in this study. Among the isolates, phylogenetic group B2 was observed in 13 isolates, D in 12 isolates, A in 11 isolates and B1 in five isolates. Thirty-five of the isolates were positive for an extended-spectrum β-lactamase phenotype. Among these isolates, the blaCTX-M gene was detected in 25, and eight harboured the blaTEM gene. None of the isolates contained the blaSHV gene. Transformation experiments indicated that some of the β-lactamase genes (i.e. blaCTX-M and blaTEM) with co-resistance to erythromycin and gentamicin were plasmid encoded and transmissible. Apart from this, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) revealed that the 41 isolates were genetically diverse and comprised a heterogeneous population with 11 ERIC-PCR profiles at a 60 % similarity level.
The effect of temperature (30°C, 37°C, uncontrolled) and initial pH adjustment at pH 7 in the anaerobic digestion process was investigated to enhance the production of organic acids from restaurant waste. The highest organic acid level obtained was 39.6 g/L on the fifth day of fermentation conducted at 30°C and initial pH 7. The acids produced corresponded to 39.4% of the yield based on the initial concentration of substrate. The main organic acids produced were lactic and acetic acids. Using organic acids from fermented restaurant waste, recombinant Escherichia coli pnDTM2 gave PHB concentration, PHB content and PHB productivity of 9.2 g/L, 44% w/w and 0.54 g/L/h, respectively, in a pH stat fed-batch culture.