Objective Several studies confirmed alcohol and psychotropic
drug consumption as important risk factors underlying fatal accidents. This
paper presents updated toxicological findings in the fatalities of road traffic
accidents of Amman district, in order to have an overall picture of the
occurrence of these substances in these victims in Jordan. Method Over a
seven-year period (2008–2014), 2743, autopsies were conducted at Jordan
University Hospital in which the sum of n = 311 (11.38%) were victims
of road traffic accidents. Blood samples from these victims were collected.
Toxicology screening for psychotropic drugs and alcohol was conducted on these
samples, and the results were analyzed according to age, sex and victim's
status.
Results This study revealed that Alcohol and psychotropic drugs were
positive in 36.5%, (n = 58) of the cases, and for alcohol alone
(n = 13, 37.1%). The majority of the victims were pedestrians
(n = 155, 49.8%). Additionally, 29.6% (n = 92) of the cases
were of ages 19–29. Detected psychotropic drugs were benzodiazepines,
barbiturates. None of the collected specimens were positive for illicit
cocaine, amphetamines or cannabis.
Conclusions The results from this study
proved the existence of alcohol and psychotropic drugs in the victims of road
traffic accidents; Indicating an association between the uses of these
substances in accident involvement. Though having some limitations, other
conclusions require further data collection, cooperation with related parties
in Jordan, and utilizing simple extended toxicological screens.
The antibacterial activities of hot water, methanol and ethanol extracts of 5 plant extracts utilized in Palestine in popular medicine were studied. The dried extracts of Syzyium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) (seed), Cinnamomum cassia (Lauraceae) (cassia bark, Chinese cinnamon) (bark), Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceaea) (leaf), Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceaea) (leaf) and Rosmarinus officinalis (Labiatae) (leaf) were tested in vitro against 4 bacterial species by disk diffusion and micro-dilution. The patterns of inhibition varied with the plant extract, the solvent used for extraction, and the organism tested. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 were the most inhibited microorganisms. S. aromaticum extract was the most active against multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 EHEC. The combinations of ethanolic extracts of S. officinalis with R. officinalis and of R. officinalis with T. vulgaris on bacterial species tested exhibited a higher effect than that of any individual extract. Results of this kind herald the interesting promise of designing a potentially active antibacterial synergized agent of plant origin.
In this work, the mild conditions of Mitsunobu reaction were used to convert the hydroxyl group of 6-triphenylmethylaminopenicillanyl alcohol to amines by using different nuleophiles such as phthalimide, di-tert-butyliminodicarboxylate and potassium cyanate. The existence of the β-lactam carbonyl group increased the instability towards nucleophilic attack of refluxing methanol and the four-membered ring was opened. Treating 3-Di-tert-Butoxycarbonylaminomethyl-6-triphenylmethylamino - penicillanate with 50% trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane, resulted in the cleavage of triphenylmethyl group and one tert-butyl group. While the removal of both triphenylmethyl groups as well as di-tert-butylamino carbonyl group occurred when 75% trifluoroacetic acid was used. The significance of this study is to synthesize β-lactam derivatives that might to be more resistant to degradation by β-lactamase and hence, therapeutically more effective.
The antibacterial activities of hot water, methanol and ethanol extracts of 5 plant extracts utilized in Palestine in popular medicine were studied. The dried extracts of Syzyium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) (seed), Cinnamomum cassia (Lauraceae) (cassia bark, Chinese cinnamon) (bark), Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceaea) (leaf), Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceaea) (leaf) and Rosmarinus officinalis (Labiatae) (leaf) were tested in vitro against 4 bacterial species by disk diffusion and micro-dilution. The patterns of inhibition varied with the plant extract, the solvent used for extraction, and the organism tested. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 were the most inhibited microorganisms. S. aromaticum extract was the most active against multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 EHEC. The combinations of ethanolic extracts of S. officinalis with R. officinalis and of R. officinalis with T. vulgaris on bacterial species tested exhibited a higher effect than that of any individual extract. Results of this kind herald the interesting promise of designing a potentially active antibacterial synergized agent of plant origin.