Symptoms after surgery and anaesthesia influence the patient´s ability to resume daily activities. If postoperative symptoms are controlled rehabilitation may be accelerated. The aims of this dissertation were to identify disturbing symptoms reported by patients after gynaecological surgery, to investigate what effect prohylactic treatment with antiemetics has on these symptoms and whether or not sensory simulation of the P6-acupressure has an effect on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and motion sickness. Methods: Total 1138 women participated in three clinical trials (Studies I, II, III) and one experimental study (Study IV). A questionnaire investigating postoperative symptoms was constructed and validated. The questionnaire was used in a prospective, consecutive, doubleblind, randomised, multicentre, and controlled study to identify incidence, and intensity of postoperative symptoms and the effect of common antiemetics (droperidol and granisetron) (Study III). The patients were followed for 24 h. In two studies (I, II) P6-acupressure was compared (prospective, double-blind, ransomised, controlled) with placebo acupressure and a reference group where the effect on PONV was followed over 24 h. The effect of P6-acupressure and placebo acupressure on motion sickness induced by a nauseogenic motion challenge was studied (Study III). Results: A high incidence and severity of postoperative symptoms were found after gynaecological surgery in a group with a high risk (>30%) for PONV. Sixty-four per cent (107/165) of the patients experienced disturbing symptoms after surgery and 46 % (76/165) scored their symptoms as moderate to very severe. Fourty-eight per cent (79/165) had two or more symptoms. A higher incidence of symptoms were reported in the groups with prophylactic treatment, granisetron 74% (123/165) and droperidol 80% (133/165) compared to the control group 41% (69/165) (P <0.05). The relative risk reduction for PONV with granisetron or droperidol prophylaxis is 27% respective 22%. The relative risk increase for headache is 63% after granisetron, and 44% for difficulty with accommodation after droperidol. Less PONV was seen after P6-acupressure, 33% (44/135) compared to reference group 46% (63/136) (p = 0.019), number needed to treat (NNT) was 7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4- 6]. When comparing laparoscopic and vaginal surgery (subgroup analysis) the main effect was in the vaginal group (day-case surgery), 36% (27/75) in the reference group to 27% (23/86) in the placebo group and to 20% (17/84) in the P6-acupressure group, (P = 0.017), NNT for the vaginal group was 6 [95% CI 3-18]. P6-acupressure increased time to nausea after a laboratory motion challenge and reduced the total number of symptoms reported (p <0.009). Conclusions: There is no clinical efficacy in the form of reduced postoperative symptoms after prophylactic antiemetics (droperidol and granisetron) in females with a high risk (>30%) for PONV undergoing gynaecological surgery. P6-acupressure reduces the incidence of PONV after gynaecological surgery in females with a high (>30%) risk for PONV. The effect seems to be most prominent after vaginal surgery. P6-acupressure increased tolerance to experimental nausogenic stimuli and reduced the total number of symptoms reported in females with a history of motion sickness.
Background: Acupuncture and acupressure have
previously been reported to possess antiemetic effect. We wanted to investigate
the “true” and placebo effect of acupressure in prevention of postoperative
nausea and vomiting (PONV).
Patients and methods: Sixty women undergoing outpatient minor gynaecological
surgery were entered into a double-blind and randomised study. One group
received acupressure with bilateral stimulation of P6 (A), a second group
received bilateral placebo stimulation (P) and a third group received no
acupressure wrist band and served as a reference group (R). PONV was evaluated
as number of patients with complete response (no PONV), nausea only or
vomiting. In addition, the need for rescue antiemetic medication and nausea
after 24 h was registered.
Results: Complete response was obtained in 11, 11 and 9 patients in
groups, A, P and R, respectively. Nine, 7 and 6 patients had nausea before
discharge home, and 1, 1 and 8 patients were nauseated (8 vs 1 patient: P<0.05 ) 24 h after operation in A, P and R groups,
respectively. When compared to placebo acupressure (2 patients vomited and 5
needed rescue), significantly (P<0.05) fewer needed
rescue antiemetic medication after acupressure at P6 (no vomiting or rescue
medication). When compared to the observation group (5 vomited and 4 needed
rescue antiemetics), significantly fewer vomited after acupressure (P<0.05)
Conclusion: In patients undergoing brief gynaecological surgery, placebo
effect of acupressure decreased nausea after 24 h but vomiting and need of
resuce antiemetics was reduced only by acupressure with the correct P6 point
stimulation.