An-Najah Staff

This is an abridged version of an academic research paper written by Ayham Jaaron of Loughborough University and An-Najah National University. This abridged version has been approved by Ayham and is reprinted with his permission. All further reprints must run the article in full and include the statement: Reprinted with permission from Vanguard (Scotland) Ltd (publisher) and Ayham Jaaron (author).